A water flea is k centimeters below the water surface. Every second it moves 1 centimeter up or 1 centimeter down, each with probability 1/2. The moment the water flea touches the surface, the whirligig beetles waiting there eat it. If k=0, the water flea starts on the surface and is eaten immediately.
For example, a water flea 2 centimeters below the surface can move in 8 ways over 3 seconds: "up up up, up up down, up down up, ..., down down down". Each of these ways has the same probability 1/8. In the ways "up up up" and "up up down", the water flea reaches the surface after 2 seconds and is eaten. In the other 6 ways it stays alive below the surface, so its survival probability after 3 seconds is 6/8.
The probability that a water flea k centimeters below the surface is still alive after n seconds is S/2n. Compute S.