- Catherine patronized the arts, sciences, and literature and helped shape Russian culture and society.
- Catherine's Enlightenment ideology and Westernizing tendencies were essential to developing Russia's national spirit.
- Catherine encouraged education and the arts, which led to the emergence of the Russian intelligentsia.
- This intelligentsia played a significant role in shaping Russian culture and society, including advocating for the abolition of serfdom.
- Catherine's Westernizing tendencies undermined Russia's unique cultural identity.
- She supported French culture and spoke French fluently, which led to the importation of French culture and values into Russia.
- Her policies often favored the nobility over the peasantry, which led to social inequality.