Pyrrhus and Cinéas
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Pyrrhus and Cinéas is a philosophical essay by Simone de Beauvoir, a French philosopher, writer, and social theorist. Published in 1944, it was Beauvoir's first philosophical essay. The essay takes its name from the two historical figures, King Pyrrhus of Epirus and Cinéas, his advisor, whose dialogue about ambition and the meaning of life is recounted in the work.
Now, there was a certain Cinéas, a man of Thessaly, with a reputation for great wisdom, who had been a pupil of Demosthenes the orator and was quite the only public speaker of his day who was thought to remind his hearers, as a statue might, of that great orator's power and ability. Associating himself with Pyrrhus, and sent by him as ambassador to the cities, he confirmed the saying of Euripides, to wit, All can be won by eloquence. That even the sword of warring enemies might gain.
At any rate, Pyrrhus said that more cities had been won for him by the eloquence of Cinéas than by his arms; and he continued to hold Cinéas in special honor and demand his services. It was this Cinéas, then, who, seeing that Pyrrhus was eagerly preparing an expedition at this time to Italy, and finding him at leisure for the moment, drew him into the following discourse. "The Romans, Pyrrhus, are said to be good fighters and to be rulers of many warlike nations; if, then, Heaven should permit us to conquer these men, how should we use our victory?"
And Pyrrhus said: "Thy question, Cinéas, really needs no answer; the Romans once conquered, there is neither barbarian nor Greek city there which is a match for us, but we shall at once possess all Italy, the great size and richness and importance of which no man should know better than thyself." After a little pause, then, Cinéas said: "And after taking Italy, King, what are we to do?"
And Pyrrhus, not yet perceiving his intention, replied: "Sicily is near and holds out her hands to us, an island abounding in wealth and men, and very easy to capture, for all is faction there, her cities have no government, and demagogues are rampant now that Agathocles is gone." "What thou sayest," replied Cinéas, "is probably true, but will our expedition stop with the taking of Sicily ?"
"Heaven grant us," said Pyrrhus, "victory and success so far, and we will make these contests but the preliminaries of great enterprises. For who could keep his hands off Libya or Carthage when that city got within his reach, a city which Agathocles, slipping stealthily out of Syracuse and crossing the sea with a few ships, narrowly missed taking? And when we have become masters here, no one of the enemies who now treat us with scorn will offer further resistance; there is no need to say that."
"None whatever," said Cinéas, "for it is plain that with so great a power, we shall be able to recover Macedonia and rule Greece securely. But when we have got everything subject to us, what are we going to do?" Then Pyrrhus smiled upon him and said: "We shall be much at ease, and we'll drink bumpers, my good man, every day, and we'll gladden one another's hearts with confidential talks."
And now that Cinéas had brought Pyrrhus to this point in the argument, he said: "Then what stands in our way now if we want to drink bumpers and while away the time with one another? Surely this privilege is ours already, and we have at hand, without taking any trouble, those things to which we hope to attain by bloodshed and great toils and perils, after doing much harm to others and suffering much ourselves."
By this reasoning of Cinéas Pyrrhus was more troubled than he was converted; he saw plainly what great happiness he was leaving behind him, but was unable to renounce his hopes of what he eagerly desired.
피로스와 시네아스는 프랑스의 철학자이자 작가, 사회 이론가인 시몬 드 보부아르의 철학적 에세이로, 1944년에 출간된 이 책은 보부아르의 첫 번째 철학 에세이다. 이 에세이의 제목은 에피로스의 피로스 왕과 그의 조언자 시네아스라는 두 역사적 인물의 이름에서 따온 것으로, 야망과 삶의 의미에 대한 대화가 작품에 담겨있다.
테살리아의 시네아스라는 사람이 있었는데, 그는 웅변가 데모스테네스의 제자였으며, 동상처럼 청중들에게 위대한 웅변가의 힘과 능력을 상기시키는 당대 유일의 연설가였다. 피로스와 인연을 맺은 그는 피로스가 도시에 파견한 대사로 에우리피데스의 말, 즉 "웅변으로 모든 것을 이길 수 있다. 전쟁을 벌이는 적의 칼도 이길 수 있다."는 말을 확인시켜 주었다.
어쨌든 피로스는 자신의 무력보다 키네아스의 웅변으로 얻은 도시가 더 많다고 말하곤 했고, 키네아스를 특별히 예우하며 그의 충성을 계속 요구했다. 그러던 중 피로스가 이탈리아 원정을 열심히 준비하고 있다는 사실을 알게 된 시네아스는 한가한 피로스를 발견하고 다음과 같은 질문을 하게 된다. "